Risk Factors and Transmission Patterns of Hepatitis B Virus Among Hospitalized Patients

Résumé

Background: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection remains a significant public health concern, particularly in developing countries, due to its chronic complications and modes of transmission. Understanding the demographic distribution, clinical presentation, and transmission patterns is essential for effective prevention and control strategies. This study aimed to assess the risk factors, transmission patterns, and clinical features of HBV among hospitalized patients. Methods & Materials: This hospital-based observational study was conducted at the Department of Medicine and the Department of Hepatology at Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU) and Dhaka Medical College Hospital (DMCH), Dhaka, Bangladesh, between June 2012 and September 2012. A total of 100 hospitalized patients diagnosed with HBV infection were included in this study. Results: The majority of HBV cases were observed among young adults, with 76% of patients falling between the ages of 18 and 47 years. Males accounted for 72% of the cases, with a male-to-female ratio of 2.57:1. Clinically, the most frequent symptoms were anorexia (50%), abdominal pain (40%), and abdominal discomfort (40%), with 40% of patients being asymptomatic. Mental status was preserved in 95% of patients, while 5% exhibited confusion, potentially due to hepatic complications. Vertical transmission was the most common risk factor (30%), followed by lifestyle-related exposures (22%) and life events (13%). Surgical interventions, both major (7%) and minor (9%), along with infusion- and transfusion-related exposures, were also noted. Specific transmission routes included appendicectomy, dental procedures, accidental pricking, abortions, and high-risk behaviors such as having multiple sexual partners (45.45%) and sharing grooming tools in barbershops (22.73%). Conclusion: HBV infection predominantly affects young, economically active males and is often transmitted vertically or through lifestyle-related practices. A significant number of patients remain asymptomatic, underscoring the need for routine screening and targeted awareness programs to address modifiable risk factors and improve early detection.