Tumor Microenvironment Features and Pathologic Characteristics of Invasive Breast Carcinoma

Open Access

Abstract

Background: The tumor microenvironment plays a central role in breast cancer progression and therapeutic response. Interactions between immune cells and stromal components influence tumor behavior and may provide prognostic information. However, data correlating routine histopathologic microenvironment features with pathologic characteristics remain limited in resource-constrained settings. This study aimed to evaluate tumor microenvironment features and analyze their association with selected pathologic characteristics in invasive breast carcinoma. Methods & Materials: This cross-sectional observational study was conducted at the Department of Surgery, Bangladesh Medical University, Dhaka, from January to December 2025. A total of 125 patients with histologically confirmed invasive breast carcinoma were included. Core biopsy specimens were assessed for lymphocytic response and desmoplasia. Surgical specimens were evaluated for intratumoral necrosis, microcalcification, lymphovascular invasion, perineural invasion, ductal carcinoma in situ component and tumor border configuration. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 25.0. Results: The mean age was 46.8 ± 13.3 years, with 41.6% aged ≥50 years. Mild lymphocytic response was observed in 87.2% of tumors, while 60.8% demonstrated moderate desmoplasia. Intratumoral necrosis was present in 34.4% of cases and microcalcification in 8.0%. Lymphovascular invasion and perineural invasion were identified in 5.6% and 4.8% of tumors, respectively. A significant association was found between desmoplasia and lymphocytic response (p=0.002), whereas no significant association was observed between desmoplasia and intratumoral necrosis. Conclusion: Tumor microenvironment features, particularly desmoplasia and lymphocytic response, demonstrate significant interrelationship in invasive breast carcinoma. Systematic evaluation of these parameters may enhance understanding of tumor biology and support clinical decision-making.