The Insight
type: channel
description: The Insight is the official journal of Gopalganj Medical College, Gopalganj, Bangladesh and accepts articles for publication from home and abroad. This is a quarterly peer-reviewed journal and aims to publish work of the highest quality from all branches of medical science. The aim of the publication is to promote research and serves as a media for the dissemination of scientific information and recent knowledge among the readers. e-ISSN: 2789-6897 ISSN: 2663-9491
publisher: Gopalganj Medical College
language: en
publication name: The Insight
issn: 2663-9491
items: Clinical Spectrum, Comorbidities, and Quality of Life among Patients with Psoriasis: A Hospital-Based Outpatient Study in Bangladesh
items: Outcomes of Primary percutaneous coronary intervention Across Three Distinct Clinical Settings: A Single Operator’s Clinical Journey
items: Clinico-Epidemiological Study of Poisoning – A Descriptive Study
items: Cemented Versus Uncemented Total Hip Arthroplasty in Elderly Patients: A Comparative Outcome Study
items: Accidental Hot Water Scald as the Most Common Cause of Burn Injury in Children: A Hospital-Based Study
items: Association of Clinical Features, Laboratory Findings and Treatment Responses in Preeclampsia Cases
items: Maternal and Fetal Outcomes of Preeclampsia and Eclampsia: A Hospital-Based Observational Study
items: Clinical and Demographic Predictors of Preeclampsia Outcomes Among Hospitalized Pregnant Women in Bangladesh
items: Factors Influencing the Conversion to Open Surgery in Patients Undergoing Elective Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy
items: Effectiveness of Ultrasound-Guided Regional Blocks in Reducing Postoperative Pain
items: Knowledge Behavior Disparity and Determinants of Smoking Among Rural Adults in Gazipur District, Bangladesh
items: Smoking Habit of Rural Population of Selected Villages of Gazipur District
items: Clinical and Functional Outcomes of Thoracolumbar Spine Fractures Managed with Short Segment Pedicle Screw Fixation in a Tertiary Care Hospital
items: Pregnancy Outcomes in Women with Diet-Controlled versus Insulin-Treated GDM
items: Persistent Challenges in Screening, Late Presentation and the Need to Strengthen National Prevention Efforts in Cervical Cancer in Bangladesh
items: Multi-centre Study on Comorbid Mood Disorders among the Substance Abusers
items: Assessment and Analysis of Mental Stress and Perceived Factors using DASS-21 Questionnaire among the Government Doctors of Bangladesh
items: Effectiveness of Perioperative Oxygen Therapy on Surgical Site Infection and Postoperative Pulmonary Complications: A Hospital-Based Study
items: Saturday Night Palsy of the Leg: Common Peroneal Neuropathy Following Prolonged Cross-Legged Sitting in a Boatman – A case report
items: Liver Function Abnormalities in Patients with Dengue Fever
items: Correlation between Glomerular Filtration Rate And Serum Erythropoietin Level in Children with Advanced (Stages 3 to 5) Chronic Kidney Disease with Anemia: A Cross-sectional Study
items: Elevated Maternal Procalcitonin and Neonatal Outcomes in Preterm Premature Rupture of Membranes: A Prospective Cohort Study
items: Forearm Length as a Significant Ethnic Discriminator Between Adult Male Santals and Bangalis
items: Outcome of Fertility-Sparing Surgery in Young Cervical Surgery Patients
items: Multifactorial Determinants of Teenage Pregnancy in Rural Bangladesh
items: Airway Management Strategies and Outcomes During Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography
items: Surgical Management and Clinical Outcomes in Recurrent Glioma
items: Determination of sensitivity and specificity of Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) in evaluation of rim enhancing brain lesions
items: Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopic (MRS) Correlation of Diffusely Infiltrating Astrocytomas with Histological Grading
items: Incidence of Typhoid Bacterimia in Infants and Young Children in a Tertiary Care Hospital

Clinical Spectrum, Comorbidities, and Quality of Life among Patients with Psoriasis: A Hospital-Based Outpatient Study in Bangladesh
type: item
description: Background: Psoriasis is a chronic immune-mediated inflammatory skin disease with systemic, metabolic, psychological, and quality-of-life impacts. In Bangladesh, hospital-based evidence on its clinical spectrum and associated comorbidities remains limited. Objective: To assess the clinical spectrum, comorbidities, disease severity, and quality of life among psoriasis patients in Bangladesh. Methods & Materials: This hospital-based retrospective study included 160 adult psoriasis patients attending Bangladesh Multicare Hospital, Rampura, Dhaka, from June to November 2025. Data were collected from medical records using a structured form. Disease severity was assessed by PASI, and quality of life by DLQI. Results: Plaque psoriasis was the most common clinical type (65.0%). Most patients had mild (41.3%) or moderate (36.3%) disease, while 22.5% had severe psoriasis. Hypertension (32.5%), diabetes mellitus (27.5%), depression/anxiety (25.0%), obesity (23.8%), and dyslipidemia (21.3%) were common comorbidities. Severe psoriasis was significantly associated with these conditions. Obesity was the strongest independent predictor of severe disease, and PASI scores showed a strong positive correlation with DLQI impairment. Conclusion: Psoriasis substantially affects physical and psychosocial well-being, requiring integrated care, routine comorbidity screening, and quality-of-life assessment.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Psoriasis in Bangladesh
  topic: keywords
subject: Comorbidities
  topic: keywords
subject: PASI
  topic: keywords
subject: DLQI
  topic: keywords
creator: Munia Islam Chowdhury
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 The Insight https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-05
publication date: 2026-06-05
starting page: 346
ending page: 353
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.20552103

Outcomes of Primary percutaneous coronary intervention Across Three Distinct Clinical Settings: A Single Operator’s Clinical Journey
type: item
description: Background: Global disparities in evidence-based care continue to exist. In ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), primary PCI is the favored approach, yet results differ due to patient characteristics, delays, hospital capabilities, and operator skill. In Bangladesh, PCI achievements are significant, but results vary, particularly among high-risk patients and in cases with system delays. This research examines PCI outcomes in three environments under one operator, concentrating on procedural effectiveness and in-hospital outcomes. Methods & Materials: This retrospective analysis encompassed 500 adult STEMI patients who received primary PCI from a singular operator at three centers in Bangladesh (2010–2026). Information on clinical and procedural factors was gathered from records. The main result was mortality during hospitalization. The analysis employed SPSS along with suitable statistical tests, and ethical approval was acquired. Results: In this study of 500 STEMI patients (n = 100, 200, 200), baseline features were comparable (p > 0.05) with the exception of smoking (p < 0.05), and approximately 60% had single-vessel disease. Pre-dilatation showed variability (~50.8%, p < 0.05), whereas other procedural aspects were similar. In-hospital mortality was minimal (3.2%) with no difference among centres (p > 0.05). Univariate analysis revealed no notable associations, whereas multivariate regression found diabetes to be the sole independent predictor (AOR ≈ 0.306, 95% CI: 0.105–0.889, p < 0.05). The clinical environment showed no considerable impact (AOR ≈ 1). Conclusion: Primary PCI demonstrated comparable results in all centers, exhibiting low mortality rates and no significant differences. Diabetes was the sole negative predictor, whereas the hospital environment had no effect.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Primary percutaneous coronary
  topic: keywords
subject: Three Distinct Clinical Settings
  topic: keywords
subject: Ejection fraction
  topic: keywords
subject: Myocardial infarction
  topic: keywords
creator: S A M Husnayen
creator: Mukta Lilian Gomes
creator: Gopal Sikder
creator: Juglul Kabir
creator: Ikthiar Hasan Khan
creator: Mohammad Abdullah Al Manjur
creator: Ujjwal Sarker
creator: Rokeya Sultana Akhi
creator: Sultana Parvin
creator: Qamrul Huda Mohammad Sohel
creator: Mahbub Hasan
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 The Insight https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-05
publication date: 2026-06-05
starting page: 340
ending page: 345
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.20552225

Clinico-Epidemiological Study of Poisoning – A Descriptive Study
type: item
description: Background: Acute poisoning is a major public health and clinical emergency in Bangladesh, yet prospective data characterizing its epidemiological pattern, clinical presentation and outcomes at a tertiary level remain limited. Objective: To describe the clinico-epidemiological profile, pattern of poisoning agents and immediate outcomes of acute poisoning cases admitted to Dhaka Medical College Hospital (DMCH). Methods & Materials: A prospective observational study was conducted in two medicine units of DMCH from July to December 2010. A total of 600 consenting adult poisoning patients were enrolled after applying predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data on demographic profile, poisoning agent, clinical features, investigations, treatment and outcome were recorded on a structured case record form. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 17.0. Results: Poisoning accounted for 21.45% of hospital admissions. The majority of patients were aged 21–30 years (43.3%), with a male predominance (60.2%). Pesticides (29.2%) were the most common agents, followed by travel-related poisoning (27.3%) and benzodiazepines (20.2%). Suicidal intent was present in 66.2% of cases. Common clinical features included nausea/vomiting (62.7%) and drowsiness (55.7%). Most patients (73.3%) recovered, while 3% died. Mortality was highest among pesticide poisoning cases. Lower Glasgow Coma Scale scores on admission were strongly associated with increased mortality. Conclusion: Acute poisoning predominantly affects young adults, with pesticide and travel-related poisoning as the dominant agents. Lower GCS on admission is a significant predictor of mortality. Strengthening public awareness, legislative control of toxic agrochemicals and improved emergency care infrastructure are urgently needed.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: acute poisoning
  topic: keywords
subject: epidemiology
  topic: keywords
subject: pesticide
  topic: keywords
subject: Glasgow Coma Scale
  topic: keywords
subject: Bangladesh
  topic: keywords
creator: Mohammad Rabiul Hasan
creator: Sabbir Jashim Ahmed
creator: Nadia Siddiquee
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 The Insight https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-05
publication date: 2026-06-05
starting page: 333
ending page: 339
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.20552105

Cemented Versus Uncemented Total Hip Arthroplasty in Elderly Patients: A Comparative Outcome Study
type: item
description: Introduction: Total hip arthroplasty (THA) is a widely performed procedure for managing advanced hip pathology in elderly patients, including osteoarthritis, femoral neck fractures, and avascular necrosis. With increasing life expectancy, the choice between cemented and uncemented fixation has become crucial, as bone quality and comorbidities can influence outcomes. This study aimed to compare clinical, functional, and early postoperative outcomes of cemented versus uncemented THA in elderly patients. Methods & Materials: This prospective comparative study was conducted from January 2025 to December 2025 in the Department of Orthopedics, National Institute of Traumatology & Orthopaedic Rehabilitation. A total of 60 patients aged ≥65 years requiring primary THA were enrolled and equally divided into cemented (n = 30) and uncemented (n = 30) groups. Data were analysed using SPSS version 25.0. Result: Primary osteoarthritis was the most common indication. Cemented THA had longer operative time and greater blood loss but no intraoperative fractures, whereas uncemented THA had 10% intraoperative femoral fractures. Postoperative complications were higher in the uncemented group (26.7% vs 13.3%), with periprosthetic fractures occurring only in uncemented THA. At 6 months, cemented THA showed superior functional outcomes (Harris Hip Score 88.6 ± 6.4 vs 84.2 ± 7.1) and a shorter hospital stay (6.8 vs 7.9 days) with fewer early revisions (3.3% vs 13.3%). Conclusion: This study shows that in elderly patients, cemented total hip arthroplasty provides superior early functional outcomes, fewer postoperative complications, shorter hospital stays, and lower rates of early revision compared with uncemented procedures.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Total Hip Arthroplasty
  topic: keywords
subject: Femoral Fractures
  topic: keywords
subject: Osteoarthritis
  topic: keywords
creator: Mohammad Kamal Hossain
creator: Nazmul Huda
creator: Shamsul Alam
creator: S K Muhammad Atiqur Rahman
creator: Ashik Salauddin
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 The Insight https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-05
publication date: 2026-06-05
starting page: 329
ending page: 332
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.20552098

Accidental Hot Water Scald as the Most Common Cause of Burn Injury in Children: A Hospital-Based Study
type: item
description: Burn injuries are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality among children, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Young children are especially vulnerable due to developmental and environmental factors. Scald burns are commonly reported as the leading cause, often occurring in domestic settings. Understanding epidemiological patterns is essential for prevention and management. This study aimed to assess the socio-demographic characteristics, etiology, environmental factors and clinical outcomes of pediatric burn injuries. This hospital-based retrospective observational study was conducted at the Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, KPJ Specialized Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh, from December 2017 to November 2025. A total of 505 pediatric burn patients were included. Data were collected from medical records and analyzed using SPSS version 25.0. The majority of patients were aged 1–4 years (49.9%) and male (59.0%). Most cases were from rural areas (65.5%). Scald burns were the predominant cause (65.1%), followed by flame burns (21.4%). Among scald burns, the most frequent specific agents were hot rice starch (42.2%), hot water (35.9%), and hot milk/tea (21.9%). Most injuries occurred at home (85.3%) and were unsupervised (60.8%). The majority of burns involved less than 10% Total Body Surface Area (41.8%; comprising 7.5% with <1% TBSA and 34.3% with 1-10% TBSA), while 24.8% exceeded 20% TBSA. Superficial burns were most common (68.9%) and 73.7% of patients recovered without complications. Severe burns were significantly associated with older age, rural residence and flame injuries. Pediatric burns remain a preventable public health issue, with scald injuries being the leading cause. Improved supervision, safer household practices and targeted prevention strategies are essential to reduce incidence and severity.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Pediatric burns
  topic: keywords
subject: scald injury
  topic: keywords
subject: burn epidemiology
  topic: keywords
subject: burn severity
  topic: keywords
subject: Bangladesh
  topic: keywords
creator: Subrata Shakhar Kar
creator: Shariful Islam
creator: Rokhsana Haque
creator: Sumi Datta
creator: Rakibul Hassan
creator: Ayesha Hanna
creator: Chowdhury Rashedul Mughni
creator: Mohammad Nazmul Alam Khan
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 The Insight https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-05
publication date: 2026-06-05
starting page: 324
ending page: 328
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.20552092

Association of Clinical Features, Laboratory Findings and Treatment Responses in Preeclampsia Cases
type: item
description: Background: Preeclampsia is a significant hypertensive disorder of pregnancy associated with increased maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality worldwide. It is characterized by hypertension and proteinuria after 20 weeks of gestation and may progress to severe complications if not managed appropriately. Early identification of clinical and laboratory markers is crucial for improving outcomes. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the association between clinical features, laboratory findings and treatment responses among preeclampsia patients. Methods & Materials: A prospective observational study was conducted at Rangpur Medical College Hospital, Bangladesh, from January to December 2025. A total of 140 patients were included in this study. Data were collected using structured forms and analyzed using SPSS version 25.0. Results: The majority of patients were aged 25–30 years and 62.9% were diagnosed at ≥34 weeks of gestation. Common clinical features included pedal edema (74.3%) and headache (68.6%). Severe preeclampsia was observed in 58.6% of cases. Laboratory findings revealed significant associations between disease severity and thrombocytopenia (p=0.003), elevated creatinine (p=0.006), hyperuricemia (p=0.001), elevated ALT (p=0.014) and proteinuria ≥+3 (p=0.032). Labetalol was the most commonly used antihypertensive and 61.4% of patients underwent caesarean section. Conclusion: Clinical features combined with laboratory parameters play a critical role in assessing disease severity and guiding management. Early detection and appropriate intervention can significantly reduce maternal complications.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Preeclampsia
  topic: keywords
subject: clinical features
  topic: keywords
subject: laboratory findings
  topic: keywords
subject: maternal outcomes
  topic: keywords
subject: hypertension in pregnancy
  topic: keywords
creator: Nusrat Hossain
creator: Nilufar Akter
creator: Mahfuza Khanam
creator: Miratul Jesmin
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 The Insight https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-05
publication date: 2026-06-05
starting page: 320
ending page: 323
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.20552086

Maternal and Fetal Outcomes of Preeclampsia and Eclampsia: A Hospital-Based Observational Study
type: item
description: Background: Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, including preeclampsia and eclampsia, are major causes of maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality worldwide. These conditions are characterized by hypertension and multi-organ involvement, often leading to severe complications if not managed promptly. The burden is particularly high in low- and middle-income countries due to limited access to quality antenatal care and delayed clinical intervention. Objective: To assess maternal and fetal outcomes associated with preeclampsia and eclampsia in a tertiary care hospital in Bangladesh. Methods & Materials: This prospective observational study was conducted among 120 pregnant women diagnosed with preeclampsia or eclampsia at Rangpur Medical College Hospital between January and December 2025. Data were collected using structured questionnaires and clinical records. Maternal complications and fetal outcomes were recorded and analyzed using SPSS version 25.0. Statistical significance was determined at p<0.05. Results: Among the participants, 51.7% were aged 20–29 years and 61.7% were from rural areas. Preeclampsia accounted for 70.0% of cases, while eclampsia accounted for 30.0%. Severe hypertension, HELLP syndrome, acute kidney injury, ICU admission and maternal mortality were significantly higher in the eclampsia group (p<0.05). Preterm birth occurred in 56.7% of cases and 66.7% of neonates had low birth weight. Adverse fetal outcomes were significantly more common in eclampsia (83.3%) compared to preeclampsia (50.0%) (p=0.001). Conclusion: Eclampsia is associated with significantly higher maternal and fetal complications compared to preeclampsia. Early diagnosis, improved antenatal care and timely management are essential to reduce adverse outcomes.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Preeclampsia
  topic: keywords
subject: Eclampsia
  topic: keywords
subject: Maternal outcomes
  topic: keywords
subject: Neonatal outcomes
  topic: keywords
subject: Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy
  topic: keywords
creator: Mahfuza Khanam
creator: Miratul Jesmin
creator: Nilufar Akter
creator: Nusrat Hossain
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 The Insight https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-05
publication date: 2026-06-05
starting page: 316
ending page: 319
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.20551340

Clinical and Demographic Predictors of Preeclampsia Outcomes Among Hospitalized Pregnant Women in Bangladesh
type: item
description: Preeclampsia is a major contributor to maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality worldwide, particularly in low-resource settings. It is characterized by hypertension and proteinuria after 20 weeks of gestation and is associated with significant complications. Despite advances in obstetric care, identifying predictors of adverse outcomes remains a clinical challenge. This study aimed to assess clinical and demographic predictors of preeclampsia outcomes among hospitalized pregnant women in a tertiary care hospital in Bangladesh. This prospective observational study was conducted at Rangpur Medical College Hospital from January to December 2025, including 150 pregnant women diagnosed with preeclampsia. Data on socio-demographic, obstetric, and clinical characteristics were collected using structured tools. Maternal and perinatal outcomes were recorded. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 25.0, and logistic regression was applied to identify predictors of adverse maternal outcomes. The majority of participants were aged 20–29 years and resided in rural areas. Severe preeclampsia was observed in 62.7% of cases. Caesarean delivery was performed in 61.3% of women. Maternal complications included eclampsia (14.7%) and postpartum hemorrhage (12.0%). Low birth weight was noted in 45.3% of neonates, and 40.0% required NICU admission. Significant predictors of adverse maternal outcomes included age ≥30 years (AOR 2.41), severe preeclampsia (AOR 6.72), gestational age <34 weeks (AOR 4.96), and history of hypertension (AOR 3.60). In conclusion, early identification of high-risk women based on clinical predictors is essential for improving maternal outcomes in preeclampsia.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Preeclampsia
  topic: keywords
subject: maternal outcomes
  topic: keywords
subject: risk factors
  topic: keywords
subject: hypertensive disorders of pregnancy
  topic: keywords
creator: Miratul Jesmin
creator: Nilufar Akter
creator: Nusrat Hossain
creator: Mahfuza Khanam
creator: S K Mahmudul Bari
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 The Insight https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-05
publication date: 2026-06-05
starting page: 311
ending page: 315
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.20551333

Factors Influencing the Conversion to Open Surgery in Patients Undergoing Elective Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy
type: item
description: Background: Conversion from laparoscopic to open cholecystectomy remains an important quality and safety indicator. Identifying factors influencing conversion in elective cases can improve patient counseling and intraoperative decision-making. Methods & Materials: This observational study was conducted in the Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Shaheed Suhrawardy Medical College & Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh, from January 2023 to December 2023. The study included 100 patients undergoing elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy at a tertiary hospital in Bangladesh. Demographic, clinical, imaging, and intraoperative data were recorded and analyzed descriptively to determine factors associated with conversion. Results: Most patients were aged 31–40 years (36%) with a female predominance (59%). Symptomatic cholelithiasis was the main indication (90%). Hypertension (56%) and diabetes (20%) were the most common comorbidities. Preoperative risk features were present in 16% of cases, with thickened gallbladder wall (5%) being the most frequent. Conversion to open surgery occurred in 2 patients (2.0%, 95% CI: 0.6–7.0), both due to intraoperative complications-bile duct injury and hemorrhage. The converted cases were older (mean 62.5 ± 3.0 years), suggesting age and intraoperative events as dominant risk factors. Conclusion: Conversion during elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy remains infrequent and primarily reflects intraoperative judgment in high-risk or elderly patients. Early recognition of technical difficulty and readiness to convert safely are essential to prevent major complications.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy
  topic: keywords
subject: Conversion
  topic: keywords
subject: Risk factors
  topic: keywords
subject: Bile duct injury
  topic: keywords
subject: Elective surgery
  topic: keywords
creator: Mohammad Fazlul Haque
creator: Atikul Ahsan
creator: Rezwana Alam
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 The Insight https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-05
publication date: 2026-06-05
starting page: 307
ending page: 310
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.20551327

Effectiveness of Ultrasound-Guided Regional Blocks in Reducing Postoperative Pain
type: item
description: Background: Inadequate control of acute postoperative pain leads to increased patient morbidity, delayed recovery, and greater opioid dependence, making effective pain management a critical component of modern surgical care. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of ultrasound-guided regional blocks in reducing postoperative pain and improving analgesic outcomes in adult surgical patients. Methods & Materials: This prospective comparative study was conducted at the Department of Anaesthesia, Analgesia, Palliative & Intensive Care Medicine, National Institute of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Dhaka, Bangladesh, from July to December 2025. Sixty-four adult surgical patients were equally assigned to ultrasound-guided regional block (n = 32) and control (n = 32) groups. The intervention group received ultrasound-guided blocks, while the control group received standard analgesia. Outcomes included VAS scores, analgesic use, recovery parameters, and complications, analyzed using SPSS version 26.0 with p < 0.05 considered significant. Results: A total of 64 patients (32 per group) had comparable baseline characteristics. The USG block group showed significantly lower VAS scores at all time points (2.1–3.8 vs 4.6–5.6), longer time to first analgesic (8.6 vs 3.2 h), reduced opioid use (48.5 vs 82.7 mg), fewer rescue analgesia requirements (28.1% vs 68.8%), and earlier mobilization (14.2 vs 18.6 h; p < 0.001). Postoperative complications were also lower, including nausea/vomiting (15.6% vs 43.8%) and sedation (9.4% vs 34.4%), with minimal block-related events (3.1% vs 0%). Conclusion: Ultrasound-guided regional blocks effectively improve postoperative analgesia, reduce opioid consumption and complications, and enhance overall recovery.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Ultrasound-Guided Regional Blocks
  topic: keywords
subject: Postoperative Pain
  topic: keywords
subject: Analgesic Outcomes
  topic: keywords
creator: Javed Hossain
creator: Nazmul Ahsan Siddiqi Rubel
creator: Farzana Sarmin Chowdhury
creator: Maroof Mahmood
creator: Muhammad Omar Faruk Raihan
creator: Salma Khatun
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 The Insight https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-05
publication date: 2026-06-05
starting page: 302
ending page: 306
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.20551319

Knowledge Behavior Disparity and Determinants of Smoking Among Rural Adults in Gazipur District, Bangladesh
type: item
description: Background: Tobacco smoking is still one of the leading public health problem in Bangladesh, which is even more complicated by socio-economic and behavioral factors in rural population. While more people are smoking due the knowledge of healthy efforts towards this behavior, some individuals still smoke which implies right now there continues to be a space between knowledge and habit. Objective: To measure the knowledge–practice gap and determine factors associated with smoking in a rural district of Gazipur District, Bangladesh. Methods & Materials: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted 420 adults aged ≥18 years using multistage sampling. Socio-demographic characteristics, smoking behaviour, knowledge about health risks and factors affecting smoking by data collection as face to face interview using structured questionnaire. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 25, and the associations were analysed by chi-square tests (significance threshold p<0.05). Results: High smoking prevalence especially among younger adults, (78.6% in 18–27 years). Smoking was significantly associated with education (p=0.001), occupation (p=0.014) and income (p<0.001). Peer influence was the most common cause of smoking initiation (93.3%). More than two-thirds (68.3%) of smokers made quit attempts but only a small number established brands as continuing users. Conclusions: Socio-economic and social contexts play an important role in smoking among rural adults, even when knowledge is accounted for. Sectoral and economic-led interventions to generate behavioral changes, peer-based approaches, and socio-economic support would seem to be most effective for the less wealthy in order to tackle tobacco use.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Smoking
  topic: keywords
subject: Knowledge–behavior gap
  topic: keywords
subject: Rural adults
  topic: keywords
subject: Determinants
  topic: keywords
subject: Bangladesh
  topic: keywords
creator: Sohel Hasan Chowdhury
creator: Royena Tabassum
creator: Rebeaka Tarannum
creator: Shafiqul Kabir
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 The Insight https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-05
publication date: 2026-06-05
starting page: 297
ending page: 301
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.20551309

Smoking Habit of Rural Population of Selected Villages of Gazipur District
type: item
description: Background: Tobacco consumption is a global public health burden and in Bangladesh, awareness and cessation support is very low particularly for rural population. Objectives This study was conducted to examine the smoking behavioral and associated factors among rural population of selected villages in Gazipur District. Objectives: To assess smoking behavior, prevalence, influencing factors, and knowledge regarding tobacco use among rural populations in Gazipur District, Bangladesh. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among the 420 rural respondents selected through purposive sampling technique. Structured interviewer-administered questionnaires were used to collect the data. The variables included socio-demographic characteristics, smoking status, pattern of smoking, factors affecting smoking behavior, spending and adverse impact-related knowledge. Results: A total of 420 members responded, out of which 75 (71.4%) were smokers and 30 (28.6%) were non-smokers. Approximately one-third of respondents were aged between 18–27 years (33.3%), and more participated as male (86.9%). 76.7% of smokers reported daily smoking behavior, and 78.3% consumed 1–10 sticks per day. The strongest influence for start smoking easily was friends (93.3%), and the reason to smoke most commonly was “just fun” (43.3%) and habit (30%). Of them, a high percentage of 68.3% had tried to stop smoking at least once. Conclusions: The overall smoking prevalence was higher in rural area of Gazipur particularly among young adult males. Despite prevalent awareness of health risks, smoking behavior is sustained by peer effect and recreational motivation. Developing cessation support and tailored community awareness interventions for them would be effective in preventing rural tobacco use.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Smoking habit
  topic: keywords
subject: Tobacco use
  topic: keywords
subject: Rural population
  topic: keywords
subject: Smoking prevalence
  topic: keywords
subject: Nicotine addiction
  topic: keywords
creator: Royena Tabassum
creator: Sohel Hasan Chowdhury
creator: Rebeaka Tarannum
creator: Shafiqul Kabir
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 The Insight https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-05
publication date: 2026-06-05
starting page: 291
ending page: 296
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.20551303

Clinical and Functional Outcomes of Thoracolumbar Spine Fractures Managed with Short Segment Pedicle Screw Fixation in a Tertiary Care Hospital
type: item
description: Background: Thoracolumbar spine fractures are one of the most common and potentially devastating spinal injuries in the world. Short-segment pedicle screw fixation (SSPF) has become the surgical technique of choice in the treatment of unstable thoracolumbar fractures. The study aimed to assess clinical, functional, and radiological outcomes of thoracolumbar spine fractures treated with SSPF in a tertiary care hospital in Bangladesh. Methods & Materials: This prospective observational study was carried out at National Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedic Rehabilitation, Dhaka, Bangladesh from July, 2024 to December, 2024, recruiting 40 patients with thoracolumbar fractures (T11-L3) who underwent SSPF during an 18-month study period. The Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) of back pain and the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) were used to measure functional outcomes preoperatively and at 3 and 6 months postoperatively. The ASIA Impairment Scale was used to assess neurological status. Prospective documentation of complications was done. Data were entered and analyzed on SPSS version 26. Results: The mean age was 36.4 years, with a high percentage of males (72.5%). The most common injury mechanisms were road traffic accidents (45%) and falls from height (40%). The most frequently fractured level was L1 (40%), and burst fractures were 60% of the cases. Significant improvements were recorded in VAS score (7.6 to 2.1) and ODI (61.8 to 23.4) at 6 months (p<0.001). Neurological improvement by at least one ASIA grade was observed in 14 patients, 35.0%, at 6 months. The Kyphotic angle decreased from 19.6 to 8.4 (p<0.001). There was no neurological worsening or death. Conclusion: SSPF is a safe and effective surgical procedure for treating unstable thoracolumbar fractures, offering significant functional recovery, neurological improvement, and reliable radiological correction with an acceptable complication profile.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Thoracolumbar spine fracture
  topic: keywords
subject: Short-segment pedicle screw fixation
  topic: keywords
subject: ASIA Impairment Scale
  topic: keywords
creator: Rasel-Al-Zilane
creator: Abul Kalam Azad
creator: Mohammad Atiqur Rahman
creator: Atiquar Rahman
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 The Insight https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-05
publication date: 2026-06-05
starting page: 422
ending page: 427
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.20561087

Pregnancy Outcomes in Women with Diet-Controlled versus Insulin-Treated GDM
type: item
description: Introduction: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is one of the most frequent metabolic pregnancy disorders, involving the body's failure to regulate glucose levels adequately for the first time during pregnancy. If left untreated, it can lead to serious health problems for both the mother and the baby. This study aims to examine the differences in pregnancy results between women whose gestational diabetes was controlled by diet and those who required insulin treatment. Methods & Materials: This comparative observational study was conducted in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 250 Bedded General Hospital, Manikganj, Bangladesh, from January to December 2025. A total of 150 pregnant women with GDM were enrolled and categorized into diet-controlled GDM and insulin-treated GDM groups. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 26.0. Result: Out of 150 women diagnosed with GDM, 63.3% managed their glucose levels by diet, whereas 36.7% needed insulin treatment. Compared to the diet-controlled group, those on insulin were older, had a higher BMI, were diagnosed earlier, and had more deteriorated blood sugar levels. Besides, they displayed greatly elevated maternal problems such as preeclampsia (21.8% vs. 9.5%), preterm births (25.5% vs. 11.6%), and cesarean operations (54.5% vs. 33.7%). Newborn health was adversely affected in the insulin recipients as shown by greater birth size (3.36 vs. 3.02 kg), macrosomic infants (21.8% vs. 8.4%), newborn hypoglycemia (25.5% vs. 6.3%), NICU admissions (32.7% vs. 12.6%), and respiratory distress (23.6% vs. 7.4%). Conclusion: Women with insulin-treated GDM face substantially increased rates of negative maternal and neonatal outcomes in comparison to those who were managed with diet only. The insulin-treated women were generally older, had a higher BMI, were diagnosed earlier, and had less well-controlled blood sugar, all signs of more severe metabolic impairment.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Gestational diabetes mellitus
  topic: keywords
subject: Insulin
  topic: keywords
subject: Diet
  topic: keywords
subject: Macrosomia
  topic: keywords
creator: Julhash Uddin
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 The Insight https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-05
publication date: 2026-06-05
starting page: 418
ending page: 421
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.20561073

Persistent Challenges in Screening, Late Presentation and the Need to Strengthen National Prevention Efforts in Cervical Cancer in Bangladesh
type: item
description: Background: Cervical cancer remains a preventable malignancy, yet late presentation continues to challenge cervical cancer control in Bangladesh. Aim of the study: This study aimed to describe prevention-relevant patterns among women with invasive cervical carcinoma managed at tertiary-care centres in Bangladesh. Methods & Materials: This prevention-focused descriptive observational study included 30 women with histologically confirmed invasive carcinoma of the cervix admitted to the oncology units of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University and Dhaka Medical College Hospital from January to June 2008. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire and clinical assessment form. Variables relevant to prevention included sociodemographic characteristics, educational status, symptom profile, duration of symptoms before seeking care, clinical stage, histopathology, diagnostic-delay factors, and treatment-delay factors. Data were analyzed descriptively using frequencies and percentages. Results: The mean age was 45 years. Most patients were housewives, 90.00%, and 56.67% belonged to the lower socioeconomic class. Educational attainment was low, with 40.00% illiterate and 33.33% having only primary education. Most patients presented after symptom development; back pain was reported in 73.33%, post-coital bleeding in 63.33%, and foul-smelling per-vaginal discharge in 46.67%. Half of the patients, 50.00%, had symptoms for at least one year before seeking medical advice. Stage II was the most frequent stage, 50.00%, and 80.00% presented with stage II-IV disease. Patient/family-level factors accounted for 70.00% of recorded diagnostic-delay contributors, while system/provider-level factors accounted for 23.33%. False-negative screening was recorded as a cause of delay in 13.33%, and delayed treatment initiation was recorded in 26.67%. Conclusion: The findings indicate persistent prevention gaps reflected by symptomatic diagnosis, prolonged care-seeking delay, and lat…
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Cervical Cancer
  topic: keywords
subject: Screening
  topic: keywords
subject: Late Presentation
  topic: keywords
subject: HPV Vaccination
  topic: keywords
creator: Zannatul Ferdous
creator: Srabani Barua
creator: Fatima Jannat
creator: Swarna Paul
creator: Hema Sanjeed
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 The Insight https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-05
publication date: 2026-06-05
starting page: 411
ending page: 417
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.20561064

Multi-centre Study on Comorbid Mood Disorders among the Substance Abusers
type: item
description: Background: Drug misuse is a global problem often linked with mood disorders like depression, bipolar disorder, and dysthymia. Comorbidity makes diagnosis in substance users challenging. This study aims to find out the types of mood disorders in these substance abusers with complicacy arise with these comorbidities. Materials & Methods: This is a descriptive type of cross-sectional study which was conducted from 1 Oct 2025 to 31 Mar 2026 at the Central Drug Addiction Treatment and Rehabilitation Centre, Dhaka and the Department of Psychiatry, Combined Military Hospital, Dhaka. Two hundred patients were purposively sampled. Socio-demographic data were collected using a researcher-designed questionnaire, and mood disorders were assessed using SCID-I. The impact of mood disorders among substance abusers was interviewed by a panel of psychiatrists. After gathering the data, manual data cleaning and editing will be performed to prepare it for entry and analysis through the use of complex SPSS software version 16. This is a cross-sectional study. Result: Of those 200 cases, 59(29.5%) had major depressive disorder, 4 (2%) had dysthymia, 8 (4%) had a manic episode, and 1 (0.5%) had been diagnosed as hypomanic episode. 2 (1%) subjects had been diagnosed as cyclothymic disorder. Most commonly abused substances were opioids (33.34%) and cannabis (30.76%). Substance abusers with comorbid mood disorders have a prolonged and more severe course of illness. The majority (65%) was self-employed, and 35% were unemployed. Conclusions: Drug abuse is rising nationally, with frequent comorbid mood disorders increasing social burden. Accurate diagnosis and understanding of these conditions are essential for effective treatment and burden reduction.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Mood Disorder
  topic: keywords
subject: Substance Use.
  topic: keywords
creator: Azad Hossain
creator: Ashfaque Uzzaman Choudhury
creator: Mohammad Monirul Islam
creator: Mohammad Abdul Kayum Shaikh
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 The Insight https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-05
publication date: 2026-06-05
starting page: 406
ending page: 410
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.20561053

Assessment and Analysis of Mental Stress and Perceived Factors using DASS-21 Questionnaire among the Government Doctors of Bangladesh
type: item
description: Background: Mental health problems, such as depression, anxiety and stress (DAS) among the government doctors of Bangladesh are a substantial public health issue & might induced by various perceived mental stressors, such as relationship conflict, financial constraints, concern regarding professional integrity, to be established, insecurity, coping incapability, lack of guidance & suffering with NCD. Objective: The study aimed to find out status of DAS & predict the perceived factors for DAS. Methods & materials: A cross-sectional study was conducted among the government doctors (n=217) of Bangladesh utilizing DASS 21 questionnaire & convenient sampling technique to measure the depression, anxiety and stress status & ordered logistic regression analysis was performed to find out the associated significant perceived predictors. Results: The prevalence of depression, anxiety, and stress were 42.9%, 53% and 43.8% respectively. Middle aged doctors (84.8%) are more prone to develop depression. The most significant predictors found responsible for depression, anxiety and stress were concern over professional integrity (b = 0.8), to be established (b = 0.75, 1.58, 1.26), insecurity (b = 0.71, 0.66) and relationship conflict (b = 1.03). 35.5% (77 individuals) were suffering with various non-communicable diseases, notably Hypertension, DM, IHD & Bronchial Asthma. The alarming situation is that Hypertension affected 54 individuals (≈25%). Conclusion: The study revealed that a substantial percentage of government doctors of Bangladesh have been suffering from depression, anxiety or stress symptoms and predominantly affected the middle-aged. In addition to academic, personal & professional stress, the significant perceived predictors responsible for creating DAS are concern about professional integrity & to be established, insecurity & familial and/ personal relationship conflict. Another alarming situation is the presence of Hypertension & other NCDs which deserves special att…
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: DASS-21
  topic: keywords
subject: Depression
  topic: keywords
subject: Anxiety
  topic: keywords
subject: Stress.
  topic: keywords
creator: Mohammad Abdus Sattar
creator: Suvash Chandra Vadury
creator: Mohammad Kamrul Hasan
creator: Anisur Rahman Bhuiyan
creator: Golam Mostafa
creator: Arunima Kamal
creator: Munim Ur Rahman Khan
creator: Anjan Kumar Saha
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 The Insight https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-05
publication date: 2026-06-05
starting page: 399
ending page: 405
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.20561043

Effectiveness of Perioperative Oxygen Therapy on Surgical Site Infection and Postoperative Pulmonary Complications: A Hospital-Based Study
type: item
description: Background: Surgical site infection (SSI) and postoperative pulmonary complications (PPCs) are major causes of postoperative morbidity and prolonged hospital stay. Perioperative oxygen therapy has been suggested as a simple and cost-effective strategy to improve tissue oxygenation and reduce infectious and respiratory complications, but evidence remains inconsistent, particularly in resource-limited settings. Methods & Materials: This hospital-based comparative observational study was conducted in the Department of Anaesthesia, Analgesia and Intensive Care Medicine at Bangladesh Medical University from January 2026 to March 2026. A total of 60 adult patients undergoing elective abdominal, orthopedic, urological and general surgeries under general anesthesia were included. Patients were grouped into standard oxygen therapy and high-concentration oxygen therapy groups. Data on SSI, PPCs and related risk factors were collected and analyzed using SPSS version 25. Results: Surgical site infection was significantly lower in the high oxygen group compared to the standard group (9.4% vs 28.6%, p=0.048). Postoperative pneumonia (6.3% vs 17.9%) and atelectasis (9.4% vs 21.4%) were also less frequent in the high oxygen group, although not statistically significant. Mean hospital stay was significantly shorter in the high oxygen group (6.8 ± 2.1 vs 9.1 ± 2.8 days, p=0.012). Age above 50 years (p=0.049), diabetes mellitus (p=0.037) and prolonged surgery duration (>4 hours, p=0.021) were significantly associated with postoperative complications. Conclusion: Perioperative high-concentration oxygen therapy was associated with reduced surgical site infection and improved postoperative recovery, including shorter hospital stay. Larger randomized studies are recommended to confirm these findings.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Perioperative oxygen therapy
  topic: keywords
subject: surgical site infection
  topic: keywords
subject: postoperative pulmonary complications
  topic: keywords
subject: anesthesia
  topic: keywords
subject: hospital-based study.
  topic: keywords
creator: Ayesha Sultana
creator: Mehedi Masud
creator: Mohammad Mominul Haque
creator: Rajat Shuvra Das
creator: Shamim Ara Sultana
creator: Rahnuma Tasnim
creator: Nasima Sultana
creator: Mohammad Shafiqul Islam
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 The Insight https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-05
publication date: 2026-06-05
starting page: 394
ending page: 398
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.20561034

Saturday Night Palsy of the Leg: Common Peroneal Neuropathy Following Prolonged Cross-Legged Sitting in a Boatman – A case report
type: item
description: Common peroneal neuropathy is the most frequent compressive neuropathy of the lower limb and commonly occurs at the fibular neck where the nerve is superficial and vulnerable to external compression. Prolonged postures involving leg crossing are recognized precipitating factors. I report a case of a 35-year-old boatman who developed acute weakness of right foot dorsiflexion and sensory impairment after maintaining a prolonged cross-legged sitting posture during boat sailing for approximately 8 hours. Clinical findings were consistent with compressive common peroneal neuropathy. Conservative management with avoidance of compressive posture, physiotherapy, and reassurance led to gradual improvement. This case highlights the occupational risk of posture-related peroneal nerve palsy and the importance of careful bedside neurological examination in identifying focal compressive neuropathies.
subject: Case Report
  topic: section
subject: Night Palsy of the Leg
  topic: keywords
subject: Peroneal Neuropathy
  topic: keywords
subject: Prolonged Cross-Legged
  topic: keywords
creator: H N Sarker
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 The Insight https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-05
publication date: 2026-06-05
starting page: 428
ending page: 429
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.20561096

Liver Function Abnormalities in Patients with Dengue Fever
type: item
description: Introduction: Dengue fever is a major mosquito-borne viral illness with a growing global burden, particularly in tropical regions. Hepatic involvement is a common but often under-recognized manifestation, ranging from mild transaminase elevation to severe liver dysfunction. Understanding the pattern and clinical relevance of liver function abnormalities is important for patient management. Aim of the Study: To assess the prevalence and pattern of liver function abnormalities and their association with disease severity in hospitalized dengue patients. Methods & Materials: This hospital-based, cross-sectional observational study was conducted at Combined Military Hospital (CMH), Ghatail over a 12-month period (last one year from the date of study, including the dengue peak season June-November). A total of 45 laboratory-confirmed dengue patients were enrolled using consecutive sampling. Clinical and laboratory data, including liver function tests, were recorded at admission and discharge. Disease severity was classified according to WHO 2009 guidelines. Statistical analysis included paired sample tests, ANOVA, and Spearman correlation, with p < 0.05 considered significant. Results: A total of 45 patients were analyzed, with a mean age of 34.5 ± 16.5 years and a marked male predominance (88.9%). NS1 antigen positivity was observed in 82.2% of cases, indicating predominantly early infection. The most common clinical features were headache (100%), myalgia/arthralgia (97.8%), nausea/vomiting (93.3%), and retro-orbital pain (77.8%). According to WHO classification, 74.4% had dengue without warning signs, 23.3% had warning signs, and 2.3% had severe dengue. Liver function abnormalities were frequent, particularly elevated transaminases. Mean AST and ALT at admission were 25.4 ± 14.3 U/L and 62.5 ± 75.7 U/L, respectively. Significant reductions were observed at discharge in AST (21.7 ± 5.1 U/L, p = 0.033), ALT (33.9 ± 14.0 U/L, p = 0.008), total bilirubin (0.55 ± 0.27 mg/dL,…
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Dengue fever
  topic: keywords
subject: Liver function
  topic: keywords
subject: AST
  topic: keywords
subject: ALT
  topic: keywords
subject: WHO classification
  topic: keywords
subject: Bangladesh
  topic: keywords
creator: T M Shibli Noman
creator: Nigar Sultana
creator: Forhad Rumi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 The Insight https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-05
publication date: 2026-06-05
starting page: 388
ending page: 393
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.20560696

Correlation between Glomerular Filtration Rate And Serum Erythropoietin Level in Children with Advanced (Stages 3 to 5) Chronic Kidney Disease with Anemia: A Cross-sectional Study
type: item
description: Introduction: Advanced CKD (stages 3 to 5) is commonly associated with worsening anemia due to progressive nephron loss and decreased renal EPO synthesis. The optimal glomerular filtration rate (GFR) for initiating anemia treatment with erythropoietin-stimulating agents (ESAs) remains unclear. This study aims to explore the correlation between GFR in advanced CKD with anemia and serum erythropoietin (EPO) levels. Understanding this relationship could facilitate the timely initiation of ESAs and improve the early management of anemia and its associated complications. Aim of the Study: To assess the relation of Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) with serum level of erythropoietin (EPO) in children with advanced stages of CKD (Stages 3 to 5) with anemia. Methods & Materials: This cross-sectional study was done in BSH&I on forty children with advanced CKD (Stages 3 to 5) having anemia. The diagnosis of CKD and renal anemia was done according to KDIGO (2012) guidelines. GFR was estimated using the revised Schwartz formula and Serum erythropoietin levels were measured using the enzymatic-chemiluminescent immunometric (CLIA). The Pearson correlation coefficient was used to assess the relationship between GFR and serum EPO levels. Results: Out of 40 study participants 20% had severe anemia. Among them, 12.5% were in CKD Stage 4 and 87.5% in Stage 5. The mean serum EPO levels did not significantly increase in Stage 3 (14.98 ± 4.63 mIU/mL, p< 0.01) in response to anemia as well as hypoxic condition whenever EPO levels decreased in Stage 4 (6.83 ± 2.66 mIU/mL, p< 0.01) and Stage 5 (4.88 ± 1.34 mIU/mL, p< 0.01). The result also showed a significant positive correlation between GFR and serum erythropoietin levels (r= 0.7296, p <0.05). As GFR decreases, reflecting worsening kidney function, serum EPO levels also decline. Conclusion: This study highlighted a significant dysregulation of erythropoietin in advanced CKD with anemia, more in Stage 4 and Stage 5. This correlation may hel…
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: CKD
  topic: keywords
subject: Erythropoietin
  topic: keywords
subject: Glomerular
  topic: keywords
subject: Anemia
  topic: keywords
subject: Pediatric
  topic: keywords
subject: Nephrology
  topic: keywords
subject: Hemoglobin
  topic: keywords
creator: Noor E Zannat
creator: Shireen Afroz
creator: Nusrat Jahan
creator: Rumana Amin
creator: S M Mortaza Ahsan
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 The Insight https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-05
publication date: 2026-06-05
starting page: 381
ending page: 387
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.20560681

Elevated Maternal Procalcitonin and Neonatal Outcomes in Preterm Premature Rupture of Membranes: A Prospective Cohort Study
type: item
description: Background: Preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM) is a leading cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality. Maternal procalcitonin (PCT) has emerged as a potential biomarker for intra-amniotic infection, but its association with comprehensive neonatal outcomes beyond early-onset sepsis remains incompletely characterized. Objective: To evaluate the association between elevated maternal serum procalcitonin levels and adverse neonatal outcomes in women with PPROM. Methods & Materials: This prospective cohort study was conducted at Dhaka Medical College Hospital from January to December 2022. A total of 99 women with PPROM (24-34 weeks of gestation) were enrolled. Maternal serum PCT was measured on admission. Neonates were followed for clinical signs, laboratory parameters, blood culture-proven sepsis, NICU admission, and mortality within 3 postnatal days. Results: Elevated maternal PCT (>0.5 ng/ml) occurred in 61.6% of patients. The elevated PCT group showed significantly higher rates of lethargy (27.3% vs. 2.9%, p=0.003), respiratory distress (16.4% vs. 0.0%, p=0.010), fever (38.2% vs. 8.6%, p=0.002), and hypotonia (14.5% vs. 0.0%, p=0.017). Mean neonatal CRP was higher (4.0 vs. 2.9 mg/L, p=0.001) and ANC lower (4794.5 vs. 5489.9 cells/µL, p=0.047) in the elevated PCT group. Blood culture positivity (p=0.016), NICU admission (24.2%), and mortality (9.1%) occurred exclusively in the elevated PCT group. Conclusion: Elevated maternal serum procalcitonin in PPROM is significantly associated with adverse neonatal outcomes, including clinical sepsis, positive blood culture, NICU admission, and mortality. Maternal PCT is a valuable non-invasive predictor of poor neonatal prognosis.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: C-reactive protein
  topic: keywords
subject: Mortality
  topic: keywords
subject: Neonatal outcomes
  topic: keywords
subject: NICU admission
  topic: keywords
subject: Preterm premature rupture of membranes
  topic: keywords
subject: Procalcitonin
  topic: keywords
creator: Alif Laila
creator: Quazi Rubyata Sania
creator: Nasrin Akter
creator: Shahzadi Afruza
creator: Sanjana Rahman
creator: Mohammad Rafiqul Islam Khan
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 The Insight https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-05
publication date: 2026-06-05
starting page: 376
ending page: 380
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.20560676

Forearm Length as a Significant Ethnic Discriminator Between Adult Male Santals and Bangalis
type: item
description: Background: Ethnic differences in body proportions, particularly limb segment lengths, have been documented among various populations. Forearm length, as a component of upper limb anthropometry, may serve as an ethnic discriminator. Santals, an indigenous group in Bangladesh, are reportedly distinct from the mainstream Bangali population in certain morphological features. Objective: To determine whether forearm length can significantly discriminate between adult male Santals and Bangalis and to compare forearm length relative to stature between the two ethnic groups. Methods & Materials: This cross-sectional analytical study was conducted on 100 adult male Santals and 100 adult male Bangalis aged 20-45 years from Kaharol upazilla, Dinajpur, Bangladesh. Forearm length was measured from the head of the radius (radiale) to the styloid process (stylion) using a steel tape. Forearm length relative to stature was calculated as (forearm length/stature) × 100. An unpaired t-test was used for group comparison. Statistical significance was set at p<0.05. Results: Mean forearm length was significantly longer in Santals (25.29±1.25 cm) compared to Bangalis (24.91±1.18 cm, p=0.029). The forearm length to stature ratio was also significantly higher in Santals (15.58±0.58%) than in Bangalis (15.21±0.54%, p=0.000). Multiplication factor (stature/forearm length) was significantly lower in Santals (6.43±0.24 vs. 6.58±0.26, p=0.000), confirming longer forearm relative to stature. Conclusion: Forearm length is a significant ethnic discriminator between adult male Santals and Bangalis. Santals possess longer forearms relative to their stature, suggesting ethnic-specific proportional differences that may reflect thermal adaptation or genetic variation.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Bangladesh
  topic: keywords
subject: Ethnic discrimination
  topic: keywords
subject: Forearm length
  topic: keywords
subject: Population comparison
  topic: keywords
subject: Santal
  topic: keywords
creator: Ranjan Roy
creator: Riada Sultana
creator: Shamima Islam
creator: Mohsena Parvin
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 The Insight https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-05
publication date: 2026-06-05
starting page: 372
ending page: 375
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.20560663

Outcome of Fertility-Sparing Surgery in Young Cervical Surgery Patients
type: item
description: Background: Fertility-sparing surgery has emerged as an important treatment option for young women with early-stage cervical cancer who desire future childbearing. Aim of the study: To evaluate oncological safety, reproductive outcomes, and postoperative complications following fertility-sparing surgery in young cervical cancer patients. Methods & Methods: This observational study was conducted over 2 years in a tertiary hospital in Bangladesh, including 15 patients aged ≤40 years with FIGO stage IA1-IB1 cervical cancer. Patients underwent radical trachelectomy, simple trachelectomy, or conization based on clinical indications. Data on socio-demographic, clinical, surgical, oncological, and fertility outcomes were collected and analyzed using SPSS version 26. Descriptive statistics were applied, and outcomes were assessed over a mean follow-up of 24±3 months. Result: The mean age was 28.6 ± 4.1 years, with most patients in stage IB1 (46.67%). Radical trachelectomy was the most common procedure (66.67%). Mean operative time was 145 ± 28 minutes and blood loss 180 ± 60 ml. Postoperative complications occurred in 26.67% of patients. Disease-free survival was 93.33%, with a recurrence rate of 6.67%. Among 10 patients attempting conception, 60.00% achieved pregnancy, resulting in 40.00% live births, 10.00% miscarriage, and 20.00% preterm delivery. Conclusion: Fertility-sparing surgery is a safe and effective option in selected early-stage cervical cancer patients, offering favorable oncological control and promising reproductive outcomes.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Fertility-sparing surgery
  topic: keywords
subject: cervical cancer
  topic: keywords
subject: radical trachelectomy
  topic: keywords
subject: reproductive outcome
  topic: keywords
subject: oncological safety
  topic: keywords
subject: Bangladesh.
  topic: keywords
creator: Sayada Fatema Khatun
creator: Dilruba Ferdous
creator: Rogina Amin
creator: AKM Farhad Hossain
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 The Insight https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-05
publication date: 2026-06-05
starting page: 366
ending page: 371
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.20560645

Multifactorial Determinants of Teenage Pregnancy in Rural Bangladesh
type: item
description: Background: Teenage pregnancy remains a major public health and socio-economic concern in developing countries, particularly in rural Bangladesh, where early marriage, limited education, and inadequate access to reproductive health services persist. It contributes to adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes and perpetuates cycles of poverty and gender inequality. Aim of the study: This study aimed to identify the multifactorial determinants of teenage pregnancy among adolescent girls in rural Bangladesh. Methods & Materials: This community-based analytical case-control study was conducted in selected rural areas of [Division name], Bangladesh, between [Month Year] and [Month Year]. A total of 120 adolescent girls aged 13-19 years were included, comprising 40 cases (those who experienced pregnancy before age 20) and 80 controls (those without teenage pregnancy). Data were collected through face-to-face interviews using a pre-tested structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics and Chi-square tests were used to assess associations. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to estimate crude and adjusted odds ratios (COR and AOR) with 95% confidence intervals. Result: The study identified several significant determinants of teenage pregnancy. In multivariable analysis, early marriage before 15 years (AOR: 3.02; 95% CI: 1.15-7.92), lack of formal education (AOR: 2.66; 95% CI: 1.01-7.05), poor contraceptive knowledge (AOR: 2.88; 95% CI: 1.15-7.22), and non-use of contraceptives (AOR: 2.71; 95% CI: 1.08-6.78) were independently associated with higher odds of teenage pregnancy. Additional predictors included low decision-making autonomy (AOR: 2.5; 95% CI: 1.02-6.10), distance greater than 5 km from health facilities (AOR: 2.28; 95% CI: 1.00-5.20), acceptance of early marriage (AOR: 2.6; 95% CI: 1.02-6.62), and lack of reproductive health education (AOR: 2.35; 95% CI: 1.01-5.47).Conclusion: Teenage pregnancy in rural Bangladesh is driven by a …
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Teenage pregnancy
  topic: keywords
subject: early marriage
  topic: keywords
subject: contraceptive knowledge
  topic: keywords
subject: adolescent health
  topic: keywords
subject: rural Bangladesh
  topic: keywords
subject: reproductive health
  topic: keywords
subject: case-control study
  topic: keywords
subject: maternal health
  topic: keywords
creator: Dalia Halder
creator: Julekha Acter
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 The Insight https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-05
publication date: 2026-06-05
starting page: 359
ending page: 365
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.20560634

Airway Management Strategies and Outcomes During Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography
type: item
description: Background: Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) requires adequate sedation or anesthesia, but airway management remains challenging due to prone positioning and shared airway access. This study aimed to evaluate airway management strategies and their associated clinical outcomes during ERCP. Methods & Materials: This prospective observational study was conducted at the Department of Gastroenterology, Popular Medical College Hospital and Popular Diagnostic Centre PLC Limited, Dhaka, Bangladesh, over six months from November 2025 to April 2026. A total of 200 adult patients undergoing ERCP were included using purposive consecutive sampling. Airway management techniques, peri-procedural events and outcomes were recorded. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 25.0, with appropriate descriptive and inferential statistics applied. Results: Among 200 patients, the cohort was balanced for gender (51% male) with the largest age group being 51-60 years (21.5%). Monitored anesthesia care (MAC) was the most common airway strategy (43.5%), followed by SAD (26.0%) and ETT (23.5%). Hypotension (21.0%) and oxygen desaturation (19.0%) were the leading complications; 40.5% had no complications. Desaturation rates varied significantly by airway strategy (p = 0.012): highest with MAC (25.3%) and lowest with ETT (8.5%). Conclusion: Sedation-based airway management is commonly used during ERCP but is associated with a higher risk of oxygen desaturation. Careful selection of airway strategy and vigilant monitoring are essential to improve patient safety and outcomes.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: ERCP
  topic: keywords
subject: airway management
  topic: keywords
subject: sedation
  topic: keywords
subject: oxygen desaturation
  topic: keywords
subject: endotracheal intubation.
  topic: keywords
creator: Mostafa Nuruzzaman
creator: Saiful Mahmud Tusher
creator: Mst Nazmunnaher Mina
creator: Mostafa Nahian Habib
creator: Faiza Mehrab Chowdhury
creator: Anisur Rahman
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 The Insight https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-05
publication date: 2026-06-05
starting page: 354
ending page: 358
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.20560625

Surgical Management and Clinical Outcomes in Recurrent Glioma
type: item
description: Background: Recurrent gliomas, particularly glioblastomas, present significant treatment challenges due to high recurrence rates, aggressive behavior, and limited standardized management options. Repeat surgical resection is a potential therapeutic approach but carries risks of neurological complications. To evaluate the clinical characteristics, surgical management, postoperative outcomes, and complications in patients undergoing reoperation for recurrent brain gliomas. Methods & Materials: This prospective observational study included 30 patients who underwent reoperation for recurrent gliomas at Dhaka Medical College and Green Life Hospital from January 2021 to December 2023. Data on demographics, comorbidities, tumor histology, extent of resection, tumor location, time to recurrence, pre- and postoperative Karnofsky Performance Scale (KPS), and postoperative complications were collected and analyzed using SPSS-26. Results: The mean age was 48.7 years, with 63.3% males. Glioblastoma multiforme was the most frequent initial histology (53.3%), followed by diffuse astrocytoma (20%) and anaplastic astrocytoma (13.3%). Gross total resection was achieved in 53.3% of primary surgeries. At recurrence, hemiparesis (43.3%) and convulsions (36.7%) were most common; 66.7% had KPS ≥70. Early recurrence (<6 months) occurred exclusively in GBM patients, while low-grade gliomas recurred later. Postoperative KPS improvement was observed in 75% of patients with preoperative KPS ≥70, compared to only 20% of those with KPS <70.Conclusion: Reoperation for recurrent gliomas is feasible and can improve functional outcomes, particularly in patients with higher preoperative KPS. Glioblastoma recurs earlier than low-grade gliomas. While complications are common, careful patient selection based on functional status, tumor characteristics, and comorbidities can optimize surgical outcomes.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Recurrent glioma
  topic: keywords
subject: Glioblastoma
  topic: keywords
subject: Reoperation
  topic: keywords
subject: Karnofsky Performance Scale
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subject: Postoperative complications
  topic: keywords
subject: Tumor recurrence
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creator: Muhammad Shahriar Kabir
creator: Mohammed Hasnayen Faisal
creator: Tammana Zahan
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 The Insight https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-06
publication date: 2026-05-06
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.20056518

Determination of sensitivity and specificity of Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) in evaluation of rim enhancing brain lesions
type: item
description: Background: Rim-enhancing brain lesions present a diagnostic challenge due to overlapping imaging features between neoplastic and non-neoplastic pathologies. Accurate preoperative differentiation is crucial for appropriate management. This study aimed to determine the sensitivity and specificity of Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) in differentiating high-grade gliomas from cerebral abscesses, using histopathology as the reference standard. Methods & Materials: A cross-sectional study was conducted at Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, Bangladesh, from July 2022 to June 2023. Twenty-nine patients with suspected rim-enhancing brain lesions underwent conventional MRI and single-voxel proton MRS. Metabolites including N-acetylaspartate (NAA), choline (Cho), creatine (Cr), and lactate were analyzed. Histopathological examination of surgical specimens served as the gold standard. Diagnostic performance of MRS was evaluated using sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV). Results: The mean age of participants was 41.23 ± 15.07 years, with a male predominance (55.2%). Headache, nausea, vomiting, and seizures were the most common presenting symptoms. High-grade gliomas constituted 51.7% and cerebral abscesses 48.3% of MRS diagnoses. MRS demonstrated elevated Cho/Cr ratios in gliomas (2.94 ± 1.83) and higher NAA/Cr ratios in abscesses (1.89 ± 0.69), both statistically significant (p < 0.05). Sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of MRS were 100%, 82.2%, and 93.1% for cerebral abscesses, and 100% for all parameters in high-grade gliomas. Conclusion: MRS is a reliable, non-invasive adjunct to conventional MRI for differentiating rim-enhancing brain lesions, with excellent diagnostic accuracy. Incorporation of metabolite ratios enhances lesion characterization and guides clinical decision-making. Further multicenter studies with larger cohorts are recommended.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Rim-enhancing brain lesions
  topic: keywords
subject: Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS)
  topic: keywords
subject: Highgrade glioma
  topic: keywords
subject: Cerebral abscess
  topic: keywords
subject: Diagnostic accuracy
  topic: keywords
subject: Cho/Cr ratio
  topic: keywords
subject: NAA/Cr ratio
  topic: keywords
creator: Tammana Zahan
creator: Muhammad Shahriar Kabir
creator: Mohammed Hasnayen Faisal
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 The Insight https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-06
publication date: 2026-05-06
starting page: 280
ending page: 285
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.20056514

Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopic (MRS) Correlation of Diffusely Infiltrating Astrocytomas with Histological Grading
type: item
description: Background: Diffusely infiltrating astrocytomas are common primary brain tumors with variable histopathological grades. Accurate preoperative grading is crucial for treatment planning. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) provides a non-invasive means to evaluate tumor metabolism, potentially aiding in grading. Objective: To evaluate the correlation between MRS findings and histological grading in diffusely infiltrating astrocytomas. Methods & Materials: This observational cross-sectional study included 30 patients diagnosed with diffusely infiltrating astrocytomas at multiple tertiary centers in Dhaka, Bangladesh, from June 2010 to April 2012. MRS parameters—choline (Cho) peak, N-acetyl aspartate (NAA) peak, creatine (Cr) peak, and Choline/Creatine (Cho/Cr) ratio—were measured preoperatively. Tumor specimens were collected during surgery for histopathological grading according to WHO criteria. Data were analyzed using SPSS, and ANOVA was used to compare metabolite peaks across tumor grades. Results: The mean age was 37.77 ± 13.16 years, with male predominance (70%). Histopathology revealed 33.3% grade II, 20% grade III, and 46.7% grade IV astrocytomas. Cho peak increased from grade II to IV, NAA decreased from grade II to III but rose in grade IV, and Cr showed variable trends. The Cho/Cr ratio progressively increased with tumor grade (Grade II: 1.997 ± 0.42; Grade III: 2.312 ± 1.07; Grade IV: 2.961 ± 1.08) and demonstrated a significant correlation with histological grade (F = 3.444, p = 0.047). No significant correlation was observed for Cho, NAA, or Cr peaks individually. Conclusion: The Cho/Cr ratio is a reliable MRS biomarker for differentiating low- and high-grade diffusely infiltrating astrocytomas. Absolute metabolite peaks alone may be insufficient due to variability and overlap. MRS can aid in preoperative tumor grading, particularly for patients unfit for surgical intervention.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Diffusely infiltrating astrocytomas
  topic: keywords
subject: Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS)
  topic: keywords
subject: Choline/Creatine ratio
  topic: keywords
subject: Tumor grading
  topic: keywords
subject: Brain tumors
  topic: keywords
creator: Mohammed Hasnayen Faisal
creator: Muhammad Shahriar Kabir
creator: Tammana Zahan
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 The Insight https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-06
publication date: 2026-05-06
starting page: 276
ending page: 279
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.20056510

Incidence of Typhoid Bacterimia in Infants and Young Children in a Tertiary Care Hospital
type: item
description: Background: Typhoid fever is a severe bacterial infection triggered by Salmonella Typhi, primarily spread via contaminated food and water. It frequently occurs in developing nations and primarily impacts young kids. Blood culture confirms the diagnosis, while prevention relies on hygiene, sanitation, and vaccination. This study evaluates the occurrence and clinical characteristics of typhoid in young children. Methods & Materials: This cross-sectional study, conducted in a hospital setting in Dhaka, Bangladesh (Jan 2024–Jun 2025), involved 150 children aged ≤5 years who had suspected enteric fever. Blood samples were obtained prior to antibiotic administration for culture and sensitivity testing following standard procedures and the Kirby–Bauer method (CLSI). Data analysis was conducted with SPSS v25, and the chi-square test was utilized (p < 0.05). Approval for ethical considerations and informed consent was secured. Results: Among 150 children, 28.0% (42/150) tested positive for typhoid, primarily S. Typhi (81.0%, 34/42). Age had a significant correlation with infection (p = 0.048), whereas sex did not (p = 0.46). Fever was widespread, accompanied by typical gastrointestinal symptoms. Ceftriaxone (95.2%) and azithromycin (90.5%) exhibited the greatest sensitivity. The majority recovered without issues (85.7%), however, complications were associated with prolonged hospital stay (>7 days) (p = 0.032). Conclusion: Enteric fever primarily impacted preschoolers, with S. Typhi being the most frequent isolate. Infection was significantly linked to age, whereas sex showed no association. Ceftriaxone and azithromycin proved to be the most effective, with the majority of cases recovering without complications.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Typhoid Bacterimia
  topic: keywords
subject: Incidence
  topic: keywords
subject: Infants
  topic: keywords
subject: Young Children
  topic: keywords
creator: Nazmul Hasan
creator: Salma Hossain
creator: Helena Akter
creator: Tamanna Kausar
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 The Insight https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-06
publication date: 2026-05-06
starting page: 271
ending page: 275
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.20056500